INFECTIONS OF ADENOVIRUSES.

The infections of adenoviruses into the cells involve specific interactions between the receptor of the cell surface and viral capsid protein. Adenoviruses infect most of the cells by attachment of the knob that projected from the capsid of the viruses to the specific receptor on the surface of the cell membrane. Naturally, receptors that responsible in the attachment of the adenoviruses are known as coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR), but there are also certain serotypes that attach to other types of receptor.
To date, there are 49 distinct types of adenoviruses have been linked to human infection and more than 120 adenoviruses are known to infect a wide variety of vertebrate species that include mammals, fish, birds, amphibians and reptiles. Each of these viruses produces unique immune responses. Therefore, if an individual develops immunity to one type of virus after an infection, he or she can still become infected with one of the other types. Adenoviruses are unusually stable and can survive for prolonged periods outside the body.
Human adenoviruses serotypes are classified into six distinct species which designated from A through F. Human adenoviruses are mostly involved in mild and self-limiting disease in immunocompetent individuals, however the disease may be acute or even life-threatening in children an immunocompromised adults. Generally, different species of human adenoviruses will exhibit distinct tissue tropism and clinical manifestation.
Most of the infections that involved adenoviruses will give major causes in respiratory tract infections. Normally, the species (subgroup) that lead to this infection are adenoviruses from the subgroup of C, E and B1. Besides that, those of subgroup D and E of this adenovirus may also lead to the infections in ocular parts. Human adenovirus serotypes from subgroup A and F are reported to be a major responsible for the infections of gastrointestinal whereas the subgroups of B2 of the adenovirus will cause in renal and urinary tract infections but it is rarely happened.


Adenoviral infections affect infants and young children much more frequently than adults. Some children (especially the small ones) can develop adenovirus bronchiolitis or pneumonia, both of which can be severe. Adenoviruses can also cause coughing fits that look almost exactly like whooping cough especially in babies. Most of the infections by adenoviruses in human are recovered by themselves, but some people that suffered from the immunodeficiency sometimes die due to this adenovirus infections, and rarely even previously healthy people can die from these infections.
The majority of the population will have experienced at least one adenoviral infections by age 10. Most adenoviral infections in kid are take place in the first year of life although this infection can occur at any age. There are possibilities that repeated infections occurred due to many different types and species of adenovirus.
Other illnesses that associated with adenovirus include:
• encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) and other infections of the central nervous system (CNS)
• gastroenteritis (inflammation of the stomach and intestines), which sometimes leads to enlarged lymph nodes in the intestines and rarely intussusception
• acute pharyngoconjunctival fever (inflammation of the lining of the eye [conjunctivitis] with fever)
• acute mesenteric lymphadenitis (inflammation of lymph glands in the abdomen)
• chronic interstitial fibrosis (abnormal growth of connective tissue between cells)
• intussusception (a type of intestinal obstruction)
• pneumonia that does not respond to antibiotic therapy
• whooping cough syndrome when Bordetella pertussis (the bacterium that causes classic whooping cough) is not found

adenovirus tropism and receptor usage.